Briggs Manufacturing Company in World War Two
Detroit, MI
1909-1954

This page updated 5-6-2022.

Briggs Manufacturing Company was one of several automotive body suppliers to the American automobile industry during the first half of the 20th century.  While the larger vehicles manufacturers like General Motors had its own captive body manufacturer with the Fisher Body Division, smaller vehicle manufacturers like Chrysler and Packard purchased their automobile bodies from Briggs.  Other small vehicle manufacturers used other dedicated body manufacturers. 

Walter O. Briggs founded the company in 1909 after working for several coach builders and carriage upholstery companies.  Briggs Manufacturing got its big order in 1910 when Ford Motor Company purchased 10,000 Model T bodies.  In 1922 Briggs introduced the first enclosed car body, a revolutionary idea at the time. After that, it became a mass producer and specialty body builder for many of the Michigan vehicle manufacturers of the early automobile age.  Ford was a big Briggs customer early on, purchasing Ford Model T and A truck beds, enclosed Ford truck cabs, and Model A bodies.  Briggs supplied bodies for all of Ford's east coast assembly plants from its Cleveland plant.  Other customers over the years included Hudson, Graham-Paige, Packard, DeSoto, Plymouth, Dodge, Stutz, Marmon, and Pierce-Arrow.  As the years progressed, Ford became less of a customer while Chrysler became more important to Briggs as its main customer.

After many years as Chairman of the Briggs Manufacturing Company, Walter O. Briggs passed away in early 1952.  In 1954 the Briggs family sold the remaining share of its stock in Briggs Manufacturing to Chrysler, which was its largest customer.  This gave Chrysler its own in-house body supplier.  At the same time, the Briggs Manufacturing Company passed into history and has been largely forgotten.  But between 1909 and 1954 it was the largest and most influential of the independent body manufacturers in Detroit.  Upon his death, Walter O. Briggs was the richest person in Detroit.

Briggs Manufacturing World War One Military Products:  The two pages below are from the March 1918 issue of "The Motor Truck."  This provides invaluable information that reveals the types, numbers and suppliers of motor vehicles and components that the U.S. Army Quartermaster contracted for in World War One.  The document shows that Briggs was originally contracted for 2,000 sets of upholstery and 3,000 cape tops for the Class B Liberty Truck..  The contracts were only partially fulfilled with the end of the war in November 1919.

Document courtesy of Warren Richardson added 12-26-2020.

Document courtesy of Warren Richardson added 12-26-2020.

This World War One Class B Liberty Truck has been restored to operating condition by the First Division Museum in Wheaton, IL.  The cape top over the driver's seat is tied to the firewall with leather straps.  Author's photo added 12-26-2020.

This photo shows the cape top in more detail.  The seat is leather.  Author's photo added 12-26-2020. 

For those unfamiliar with the automotive technology of the early auto industry, the car bodies were normally assembled in a separate body plant, often by a different company than where the final assembly of the vehicle took place.  This came about due to the way the auto industry evolved in Michigan.  Inventors like R.E. Olds and Henry Ford were most concerned with the drive train and the mechanical aspects of the vehicle.  The auto makers turned to the former coach and wagon makers in Michigan for the building of the passenger body.  Prior to the coming of the automobile as a dominant industry in 20th century Michigan, the state had been home to a large coach industry.  Therefore, many of the former coach builders became the builders of the original wooden bodies for the fledgling car companies. Later, the technology turned to the steel bodies that are seen in the photo above. 

The photo above shows a typical body line in the trim shop that could have been in any one of many body manufacturers at the time.  The line on the left appears to be all convertibles, while the one on the right has a station wagon with several sedan bodies on it.  Once completed, the bodies would be loaded on a truck and transported to the vehicle assembly plant.  When ready, the body would be mated to the chassis in a body drop.

This former display at the Studebaker Museum illustrates the body drop. The body manufacturers installed all of the carpeting, seats, door hardware, and windows along with all of the upholstery.  While a person may have been driving a Chrysler vehicle prior to 1954, he was sitting in a Briggs-build body.  Author's photo.

In 1935 Briggs Manufacturing converted 200 Ford sedans into Ford Deliveries.  These may have been the first SUVs.  The back seats could be removed for a flat area for carrying cargo.  Author's photo from the Ford V-8 Museum in Auburn, IN.

Author's photo.

Briggs and other body manufacturers would have huge stamping presses for all of the body parts which would be welded together in the body shop.  The assembled body then would be moved to the paint shop and then proceed to the trim shop, where all the upholstery would be installed.  The body manufacturers would have entire departments, or even plants, that were responsible for the building of the seats that went into the vehicles.

To me, growing up in Michigan in the 1950s, Briggs meant Briggs Stadium where the Detroit Tigers played baseball.  Walter O. Briggs was sole owner of the Detroit Tigers from 1935 until his death in 1952.  His son sold the Tigers in 1956.  I was unaware until I started working on this page that Briggs Stadium was connected to a Briggs Manufacturing Company. 

Back when I was in grade school, my father would take me once or twice per summer to a Detroit Tiger's baseball game at Briggs Stadium in Detroit.  This was before the days of interstate travel.  I still remember my dad driving Grand River Avenue, a three lane road. from Lansing to Detroit and back.  The middle lane was for passing.  Each direction of travel had a specified alternating section to pass in.  It was not as dangerous as trying to pass on a two lane highway of the era, but it still could make for some exciting times trying to get around a vehicle before the passing zone ended.

I still remember some of the Detroit Tiger baseball players from the era:  Al Kaline was the big hitter for the team and local superstar of the era.  He played in the outfield with Charlie Maxwell and Harvey Kuenn.  Who could forget Rocky Bridges at third base, Chico Fernandez at short stop, Hank McAuliffe at second base, and Norm Cash at first base?  I guess if there were ever "good old days," going to Briggs Stadium with my father to watch my favorite Detroit Tigers baseball player would be them.

The Briggs Stadium, later renamed Tiger Stadium, was torn down in 1999 and replaced by a new stadium with new owners.  It will always be Briggs Stadium to me.

One of the Briggs Manufacturing Company's main plants was at 11631 Mack Avenue in Detroit.  It still exists today as Chrysler's Mack Avenue Plant.  Engines were produced there until 2012.  The plant is currently undergoing renovation to produce the next generation Jeep Cherokee.

For several years, Briggs  leased the former Ford Highland Park Model T Plant when one of its plants was destroyed in a fire.  Briggs not only assembled Ford bodies in the plant, but Chrysler bodies also.  During World War Two, Ford built M4A3 Sherman tanks and M10A Wolverine tank destroyers in the plant.

Briggs Manufacturing received the Army-Navy "E" Award two times.

Briggs Manufacturing Company World War Two Military Products:  Briggs Manufacturing Company had $173,559,000 in major war contracts during World War Two from the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy.  Of the total amount, $130,407,000 was for aircraft turrets for Army Air Force multi-engine bombers.  This was 75% of the total amount of major contracts the company received.  The first contract for aircraft turrets was issued January 1942 and the last one was issued June 1944 and was completed in July 1945.  Briggs Manufacturing was an important suppler of aircraft turrets for the Army Air Force.

$4,074,000, or 2.3% of the contracts were from the U.S. Navy. 

The company also received a vast amount of subcontracts from several aircraft manufacturers for airframe components.  These companies included Douglas, Goodyear, Grumman, Martin, and Vought.

The 31,000 persons who worked at Briggs Manufacturing Company during the war produced a multitude of components to help win World War Two.  It also made B-29 landing gear and bomb bay doors,  B-29 elevators, B-29 flaps, B-29 engine cowl sections, and B-29 rudders.  In 1945 it built 3,500 Knock-Down WC-64 ambulance bodies.

Briggs Indiana Corporation:  This body plant in Evansville, IN did final assembly on wings for several Navy aircraft.  Many, if not all of the components were fabricated in the Detroit plant and shipped to Evansville for final assembly.  At the end of the war the Evansville plant had 4,000 employees making wings for the FG-1 Corsair. 

This Briggs Manufacturing Company data plate is on a rebuilt wing for an FG-1 Corsair restoration at the Tri-State Warbird Museum in Batavia, OH.  The data plate appears to be an unused example, and not the original that was on the wing.  However, this is an excellent example of a Briggs Manufacturing Company data plate.  Also, the data plate may only indicate that the components were fabricated in Detroit, as Evansville, IN was the final assembly point for the FG-1 wings.  Author's photo.

Aircraft Gun Turrets:

Sperry A2B Ball Turret for the B-17:  This was the defensive gun position in the belly of the B-17.

This is the B-17F Memphis Belle on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.  Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

This is a Sperry A2B lower gun turret like Briggs manufactured.  Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

Sperry A13 Ball Turret for the B-24:  This was the defensive gun position in the belly of the B-24.  It was located inside the aircraft during take-offs and landings.  It was then lowered once the aircraft took off.  There was not enough clearance for the aircraft to take-off or land with the turret in the lowered position. 

The following photos show two Sperry ball turrets at the National Museum of the United States Air Force Dayton, OH.  The first two photos show them in the restoration area where they were being worked on.  The rest of the photos show one of them on display on the museum floor.  It is unknown whether Sperry, Briggs, or some other company built these.  The photos do show the detail and complexity of the turret.

Author's photo.

Author's photo.

Author's photo.

Looking all the way to the front of the turret between the brown control handles is a data plate.  Author's photo.

A 180 degree rotation of a close-up photo of the data plate reveals that this turret was built by Briggs Manufacturing Company.  Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

Author's photo.

Author's photo.

Consolidated Tail Turret A-6 and A-6A - Historical evidence shows that Briggs held training sessions for the Consolidated tail turret.  This implies that the company was also building this turret for the B-24.  Both the Sperry and Consolidated turrets were installed in the B-24s being built by Ford at Willow Run, MI. 

The Consolidated B-24 tail gun turret on this Ford-built B-24J on display at the at the Barksdale Global Power Museum at Barksdale AFB in Bossier City, LA looks very much like one in the photo above.  Ford built 6,790 B-24 at its Willow Run, MI plant outside of Detroit.  It was the nearest B-24 assembly plant to Motor Products Corporation.  Most likely Motor Products Corporation was the main supplier of A6 and A6Arear turrets to Ford.  Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

Martin Upper Turret A-3 Series:  Historical evidence shows that Briggs held training sessions for the Martin upper turret.  This implies that the company was also building this turret for the B-26. 

This Martin B-26 turret is under restoration at the MAPS Museum in Canton, OH.  It will be installed in the museum's B-26.  Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

When fully restored, the turret will go in the location of the patch on the aircraft.  Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

Aircraft Components:

B-17G:  Outer wings, wing tips, stabilizers, fins, ailerons, flaps, ducts, ducting for air flow for the turbocharger system, and bomb bay doors.  Each bomb bay door used six hundred parts and 5,400 rivets

Author's photo.

A-20G:  Outer wings, wing tips, ailerons

A Douglas A-20G on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force Dayton, OH.  Author's photo.

This photo shows the Briggs-built wing tip, wing, and aileron.  Author's photo.

B-26C:  Bomb bay doors, bulkheads, Martin top turrets

A Martin B-26 is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force Dayton, OH.  Author's photo.

B-29:  Flaps, forward and aft bomb bay doors, nose wheel doors, outer wings, dorsal fins, and stabilizers.

Briggs supplied the forward and rear bomb bay door assemblies, the nose wheel door assemblies, the main landing gear door assemblies, and the flaps to the Martin B-29 plant in Omaha, NE.  The Omaha B-29 plant built and modified all of the B-29s that were designated to carry the new atomic bomb.  Briggs Manufacturing-built B-29 components were on the aircraft that bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 

This World War Two Briggs document indicates that the company was also building B-29 elevators and rudders.  There were three other final assembly plants besides the Martin plant in Omaha, NE that produced the B-29 that Briggs could have supplied these airframe components to.  Image added 5-6-2022. 

This is the Enola Gay at the Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles Airport in Virginia.  The Briggs-built flaps can be seen in the down position along the rear of the wings.  Author's photo.

This photo gives a view of the starboard side flap from the rear.  The flap is almost as long as the P-47 underneath it.  Author's photo.

This is the B-29 "Bockscar" that dropped the second atomic bomb in World War Two and is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.  In this photo, the Briggs-built nose gear doors and forward bomb bay doors can be seen.  Author's photo.

This shows the rivet pattern on the exterior of the Briggs-built main gear door.  Author's photo.

The inside of the main gear door was also covered with aluminum.  Author's photo.


This is a close-up photo of the forward bomb bay doors.  Author's photo.

OS2N-1:  Wings

In 1942 Briggs supplied 300 sets of wings for the Naval Aircraft Factory's version of the Vought OS2U Kingfisher.  This OS2U-3 is on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum.  There are no surviving Naval Aircraft Factory-built OS2N-1s still in existence.  Author's photo added 9-29-2021.

FG-1:  Wings

The FG-1 wing components appear to have been built in the Detroit plant and then assembled by Briggs Indiana Corporation in Evansville, IN.  The data plate below specifically denotes that the associated wing was built by the Airplane Parts Division of Detroit, MI.  

The Vought F4U Corsair was flown by the U.S. Navy and USMC.  Goodyear built the Corsair under license as the FG-1.  Author's photo.

This Corsair is in long-term restoration at the Tri-State Warbird Museum in Batavia, OH.  The wing in the background has the Briggs data plate on it.  Author's photo.

This photo shows that Briggs was building wings for Goodyear of Akron, OH.  It stands to reason, as both were part of the auto industry.  If Briggs built all of the wings for the Goodyear FG-1s, it would have been able to provide 4,007 wing sets.  Author's photo.

The data plate can be seen about one-third of the way up in the wing end.  Author's photo.

Aircraft Drop Tanks:  Briggs had four contracts from the Navy and one from the Army Air Force for disposable drop tanks.

The drop tanks Briggs made would have been similar to this.  Author's photo added 5-6-2022.  

Truck body parts:  Unspecified cabs, tops, and ambulance bodies - Dodge was the primary builder of military ambulances during World War Two.
 

The WC-64 was the Army's replacement for the WC-54.  The concept was to provide a field ambulance that did not take as much room to ship overseas.  The steel cab of the WC-54 was replaced with a fold-down windshield and canvas roof.  Briggs developed the ambulance body that was shipped as a knock-down.  When it arrived in the theater of operations, the ambulance body was assembled.  With this configuration, more WC-64s could be stacked inside a ship's cargo area.   Briggs built 3,500 of these in 1945.  Author's photo added 10-27-2020.

 This is the only WC-64 I have found to date.  The WC-64 arrived too late to serve in World War Two.  It was provided extensively to American allies after World War Two.  This rare example was on display at the Indiana Military Museum's 2014 World War Two Days.  The Briggs design had a wider body which allowed for easier loading and unloading of litter patients that the previous WC-54.  Author's photo added 10-27-2020.

Author's photo added 10-27-2020.

The Briggs design used threaded fasteners to assemble the body.  Author's photo added 10-27-2020.

Author's photo added 10-27-2020.

M26 Pershing Heavy Tank:  Tank hulls (90mm and 105mm models) - The historical record shows Briggs making M26 tank hulls during the war.  This does not make sense, as this does not fit into the company's specialized expertise.  It stamped out sheet metal and then welded or riveted it together for automobile, truck bodies, or aircraft parts.  Fabricating tank hulls would have required a foundry operation which would have been considerably outside the expertise and experience of the company. 

There is nothing in the historical record that indicates the Briggs Manufacturing Company ever purchased or operated a foundry.  If it actually did get into the foundry business, the hulls would have been for the Chrysler Tank Arsenal, as they included hulls for the 105mm howitzer version.  Only Chrysler built this model.  Also, Chrysler was Briggs most important non-war customer.  Chrysler eventually purchased Briggs in 1954.

This is a Chrysler-built M26 Pershing.  The manufacture of the hull was outside the specialized expertise of the Briggs Manufacturing Company.  Author's photo.

Briggs Motor Bodies, Ltd. in the United Kingdom during World War Two:  Briggs had two plants in England during World War Two.  One was at Dagenham and the other at Doncaster.  Briggs was in the U.K. initially to supply bodes to the local Ford Motor Company plant.  It also produced bodies for Austin, Chrysler and others.  During World War Two Briggs in the U.K. manufactured at a minimum steel helmets and jerry-cans. 

Briggs Indiana Corporation:  This plant was located in Evansville, IN to provide bodies for the Chrysler Plymouth car assembly plant located there.  During World War Two, the Briggs Evansville plant assembled wings for the PBY, TBY, FG-1, and F4F U.S. Navy aircraft. 

This information was unknown to me until I visited the Evansville War Time Museum in April 2022.  The information at the museum shows that many of the aircraft components associated with the parent company's plant in Detroit were actually assembled in Evansville.  The production line photos of the Briggs Evansville Corporation plant are from displays at the Evansville War Time Museum.

Early in World War Two Briggs Indiana produced wings for the Grumman F4F Wildcat.  Production would not have started until mid or late 1942 due to having to build the tooling.  Production of the F4F wings would have then run until mid 1942 when Goodyear would have been ramping up production of the FG-1.  Briggs Indiana Corporation ended F4F wing production and started FG-1 wing production.  In March 1945, Briggs Detroit was supplying parts to Evansville for the FG-1 and TBY.  In August 1945, 4,000 Evansville employees were assembling wings for the FG-1.

F4F Wildcat:  Table 2 shows the F4F Wildcat production starting in July 1942 and ending February 1943.  Briggs would not have been ready any sooner than July 1942 to build the wings in order to tool for mass production.  In March 1943, Grumman stopped building the F4F when the Eastern Aircraft Division of General Motors took over the production.  Briggs built approximately 991 wing sets for the Grumman Wildcat.

This F4F-3 with Briggs Indiana Corporation-built wings is on display at the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Long Island, NY.    Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

This F4F-3A is on display in the hangar deck of the USS Yorktown at Patriots Point in South Carolina.  The wings were built in Evansville, IN by Briggs.  Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

This photo shows the F4F wing assembly lines.  Image added 5-6-2022. 

Grumman produced the F4F Wildcat series aircraft until early 1943 when the Eastern Aircraft Division of General Motors took over production as the FM-1 and FM-2.  Image added 5-6-2022.

FG-1: In the 1945 Goodyear built 1,521 FG-1 Corsairs for the Navy.  This averaged out to 190 wing sets per month Briggs Indiana Corporation built to keep the Goodyear production line running.

This image from a Briggs Indiana Corporation Document shows the final assembly line for Corsair Wings.  It appears to be from the same location as the previous photo of the F4F line.   Image added 5-6-2022.

 The Corsair wings were last product made by the company in World War Two.  Production continued until the war ended in August 1945.  Image added 5-6-2022.

 Image added 5-6-2022.

Author's photo added 5-6-2022.

TBY:  Only 180 Consolidated TBYs were built in Allentown, PA during World War Two.  By the time the TBY went into production, the General Motors-built TBM had established itself as an effective torpedo bomber, of which sufficient quantities were available.  Also, the U.S. Navy was running out of Japanese naval targets to attack.  Therefore, Briggs Indiana Corporation only built wing sets for 172 TBY aircraft.

Photo courtesy of the Mack Museum.

The folded wings on the TBYs coming down the production line show the size of its wing in Allentown, PA with Evansville, IN-built wings.  Photo courtesy of the Mack Museum.

PBY:

Briggs Indiana built an unknown number of outer wing sections for the Consolidated PBY.  Author's photo.

The Plant:  The Briggs Indiana Corporation was located at 830 East Columbia Street in Evansville, IN.  This was not far from the Plymouth plant for which it supplied bodies to in peacetime.  In 1954 the plant became part of Chrysler Corporation when it purchased the Briggs Manufacturing Company of Detroit. 

This 1962 Sanborn maps shows the 820 East Columbia Street location of the former Briggs Indiana Corporation plant.  Image added 5-6-2022.

This Google Maps satellite image shows the factory is still standing and in use today.  Image added 5-6-2022.

Eighty years after the former Briggs Indiana Corporation built wings for several U.S. Navy aircraft to help win World War Two, the plant still looks good.  Google Maps image added 5-6-2022.